“网红”中小学，全新的设计方式—— 深圳·红岭实验小学

深圳·红岭实验小学

高密度

高速度和高密度已成为深圳的代名词，深圳是地处亚热带的中国城市。 即使经过40年的快速发展，珠江口东侧的这座大城市的人口和建筑密度仍在迅速增长。 在超高层建筑中的居住和工作已成为城市的日常。 城市里的休闲甚至是教育也都被带进高空之中。

High speed and high density have become synonymous with Shenzhen, the southern Chinese city in the sub-tropical coast area. The population and urban density of this hyper-city along the eastern side of the Pearl River Estuary is still booming, even after 40 years of rapid development. Living and working in super high-rises has become the daily life of the city. Leisure and even education have also been brought into the sky.  

红岭实验小学以及其周边城市的所在地原本是福田区西北部的一座名为安托山的小山。这座小山在城市里很有名，因为它为城市填海工程提供了大量的花岗岩土石方，最终山体被基本削平，只剩下一小部分在学校的西侧。在采石作业逐步退出后，其余场地被平整成城市开发用地。

The building site of Hongling Experimental Primary School (HEPS) and its surrounding cities was originally a hill named Antuoshan in the north-west part of Futian District. This hill is widely known in the city because it had provided a huge quantity of granite earthwork for urban reclamation. As a result, the hill almost disappears, except a small lonely part standing to the west of the school site. The rest of the terrain was levelled into urban development land after the gradual withdraw of the quarrying operation.

红岭实验小学的建设场地约为100米见方，原规划为24个班的小学，由于学校场地不足带来的巨大压力，目前的教学班已增加到36个班，总建筑面积为原规划的两倍。建筑容积率超过3.0。

除此之外，东南角的地铁让路、道路退缩及规范上对日照间距（虽然在亚热带气候的南方常被质疑，但这仍然是一个强制性的要求）的规定，使得建筑设计面临诸多空间上的挑战。

The site of HEPS, originally planned for a 24-class school, is about 100 by 100 meters. Its current capacity has increased to 36 classes due to the huge pressure from the lack of school places, with a total floor area doubled of the original planning. The building ratio is over 3. Besides, giving way to the subway line at the southeast corner, the retreat from the road on all sides, and the building code of the sunshine spacing (although often questioned in the south of the country, but it is still a mandatory requirement), the architectural design has to confront many challenges form the space.

垂直机制

因此，校园垂直方向的设计策略变得至关重要。24米以上的学校建筑物（低层和高层建筑物之间的划分数量）已在深圳的小学中广泛使用，但其副作用是垂直交通过多和强制封闭的消防楼梯阻碍了学生的互动。

在红岭实验小学的设计中，建筑师努力将建筑高度控制在24米以内，以创造水平交往和在建筑/景观空间上回应对儿童的身体和心理特点。

Therefore, design strategy on the vertical orientation becomes crucial. School buildings over 24 meters (the division number between low-rise and high-rise buildings) have been widely applied in Shenzhen’s primary schools, but the side-effect is the obstruction of the students’ interaction caused by overmany vertical traffic and the compulsory closed fire staircases. In the scheme of the HEPS, the architect make effort to control the building height of within 24 meters, to encourage horizontal interactions and tries to respond to the physical and psychological characteristics of children in the architectural/landscape spatial design.

建筑被分成东、西两个不同高度的区域，几乎可以完全覆盖可以建设的用地，平面上以两个镜像的E字形连接。

西半区利用学习单元之间的强制间距创建出了两个曲线形边界的“山谷”庭院。

庭院下沉至地下一层，结合由道路退缩距离中取得的边坡绿化，为地下一层的文体设施和餐厅空间争取充足的采光和自然通风。

The school building, divided into two halves with different heights on the east and west, almost fully covers the land that can be constructed in the site. The general plan is an inter-linking mirrored E-shapes. The West Half uses the obligatory spacing between classroom rows to create a “valley” courtyard with two curved boundaries. The courtyards sink to the underground level, combining with the greenery slope garden obtained from the retreating distance site boundary, strives for the underground cultural/sport facilities and canteen space fully illuminated and naturally ventilated.

下沉庭院通过缓坡和露天阶梯剧场，与架空、自然起伏的底层相连成为一个整体的地景儿童乐园。200米的环形跑道和运动场位于建筑东半区三层屋面，与西侧主教学楼的三层相连，方便在二、三、四层的学生在课间通往运动区域。

The sinking courtyard is connected to the overhead and naturally undulating ground floor through a gentle slope in the south courtyard and an open-air stepping theater in the north courtyard, all together becoming a children’s landform park. The 200-meter circular runway and sports ground are placed on the 3rd floor of the Eastern Half, linked to the 2nd level of the main teaching building on the west side, which offers convenience for students on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th floors to run to the sports area.

运动场下方是一个可以容纳300人的礼堂，悬挂在地景乐园中的半户外泳池上方。主教学楼的第四层和第五层分别是课外教室和教师办公室，而屋顶是学校的园艺农场。

Underneath of the stadium is a 300-seat auditorium, hanging above the semi-outdoor swimming pool in the landform park. The fourth and fifth floors of the West Half are the extracurricular classrooms and the teacher's office, while the roof is the school's horticultural farm. 

单元组织

学习单元——传统的课堂，是小学生们学习和交流的基本空间单元。建筑师在水平的E形平面上构想了成对组合的鼓形平面的教学单元，以适应深圳所处的亚热带气候，避免阻碍隔通风。每层12间教室分成3列，6对一组。每个单元对组合可以通过开闭连接部的灵活隔断，以满足合班和分班等不同空间需要。

The learning unit, traditionally the classroom, is the basic spatial cell for primary school students to learn and communicate. The architect conceived separated pairs of drum-shaped learning units on the horizontal E-shaped floor plan, for the subtropical climate in which Shenzhen is located, to avoid blocking fluent ventilation on the facade. Every 12 classrooms are divided into 3 rows and arranged in 6 pairs. Each unit-pair combination can be flexible in opening to join the two units, and closing to separate the two, by the moveable division wall in-between two units.

与传统的矩形教室相比，鼓形平面有更大的灵活性和自由度，也更有利于多种学习和教学模式的形成。学习单元的有韵律的折叠曲线和庭院的自由曲线构成了线性活动空间，为孩子们塑造了一个充满活力的半户外活动场所。

The drum-shaped plan shows greater flexibility and freedom when compared to the traditional rectangular classrooms. It is also more conducive to a variety of learning and teaching patterns. The rhythmic folding curve outline of the learning units and the curve edge of the courtyard form the linear activity space to shape a dynamic semi-outdoor venue for the children.

建筑师利用场地南北之间的高度差，在每层三排列学习单元之间做1米的斜坡连接，并在E形平板上创造了地景式行进体验。

最终，悬挂在两个“山谷”庭院中间的两座钢梯花园桥，连接了庭院的不同楼层，为“山谷”增添了独特的观赏和游戏体验。

The architect maintains and uses the height different between the north and south of the site, to make 1-meter slopes to connect between the three rows of learning units on each floor and create also the landform experience on the E-shaped floor plate. In the end, two steel stepped garden bridges hung in the middle of the two “Valley” courtyards, connecting the different floors of the courtyard, are adding unique viewing and gaming experiences over the “Valley”.

“山谷”庭院，动感的水平层板，疏松的单元组织以及植入的有机绿化系统是对高密度和亚热带南方气候回应的建造策略。此外重要的是，建筑师希望通过红岭实验小学的建造过程和结果，能进一步探索高速发展之后的高密度城市公共性设施的全新空间范式。

“Valley” courtyards, dynamic horizontal slabs, loose cellular fabric, and the implanted organic greening systems are the design strategies to response to high-density urban condition and the subtropical southern climates. Furthermore, through the process and results of the HEPS, the architect aims at a new spatial productive paradigm for designing of public facilities in high-density Shenzhen.

总平面图

底层平面图

首层平面图

 二层平面图

三、四层平面图

剖面图

轴测图

E形平板模型

 山谷庭院

示意图

模型

地式乐园

设计策略

建筑师：广州源计划(建筑)事务所  (O-office Architects)

地点：深圳

项目建筑师：董京宇，陈晓霖

主建筑师：何健翔，蒋滢

设计团队：吴一飞，张婉怡，王玥，黄城强，曾维，何文康，蔡乐欢，彭伟森，何振中

面积：33721.0平方米

年份：2019年

摄影：张超，吴嗣铭，黄城强